This masters thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as a part of this education. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. University of Agder, 2014 Faculty of Engineering and Science Department of Engineering Sciences Design and Installation of a Grid-Connected PV System John Christer Sivertsen Petter Syland Supervisor Georgi Hristov Yordanov AbstractAs the worlds electrical demand is being more covered by photovoltaic (PV) systems, Germanyinstalled 3.3 GW of the worlds PV systems in 2013 compared to 0.6 MW being installed inNorway. Irradiation measurements done for southern Norway indicates that the conditions formore PV systems being installed are good when comparing irradiation in Grimstad to Hamburg.This thesis addresses the initial steps of planning and building a PV system to analysing howthe inverter handles the varying irradiance in southern Norway.To investigate the opportunities in Grimstad, a Theia HE-t 3.8 string inverter from Eltek wasinstalled along with 23 de-rated PV modules to constitute a PV system of 2.116 kWp. The PVsystem was estimated to have a system loss of 20.4% and a yearly production of 2088 kWh withan average performance ratio of 80%, which is considered to be good for a small PV systemwith aged PV modules.

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From when the system started commissioning to when this thesis wasfinalized, approximately one month of measurements was recorded, providing information onhow the inverter operated on clear and cloudy days as well as days with overirradiance.Results indicate that the inverter eciency drops during early and late operating hours onsunny days, as well as during midday on cloudy days. This was found to be a result of theinverter using two dierent algorithms for low and high irradiance.

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When the inverter switchesalgorithms, it could operate at a not optimal eciency for 10 minutes up to two hours dependentof the available irradiance, the inverter will then operate at a high eciency for as long as itis operating with one specific algorithm. One day with overirradiance reviled that the inverterresponds rapidly to sudden irradiance changes and were able to produce 2.8 kWAC at irradianceclose to 1.5 suns.

It therefore has good preconditions for handling varying irradiance whileoperating at an average high eciency. For the one month of operation the inverter managedto produce 313 kWh, which is more than was estimated for May. With a lack of more monthsto compare with and from the results recorded for May, the PV system has good prospects forfuture operation and to produce the expected 2088 kWh/year or more.iPrefaceThis is a masters thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masterin Technology in Renewable Energy at the department of engineering sciences, University ofAgder. We would like to thank our supervisor Dr Georgi Hristov Yordanov for good comments,explanations, discussions and help at all aspects during the progress of this thesis.We would like to thank Bjrn Lindemann, Stein Bergsmark and Kristen Leifsen from UiAwho were essential for obtaining approvals, providing electrical services and components, andsecuring a good communication with Rolf Hakan Josefsen from Agder Energi regarding the gridconnection of the inverter. We would also like to thank Kjetil Boysen and Espen Kristensenfrom Eltek for advices regarding the inverter, providing the PC tool (Theia Analyzer) and thepython script for data logging.An extra thanks is sent to Stein Bergsmark for giving valuable constructive criticism on thecontent and language of the thesis as well as project funding, giving us the possibility to buythe inverter, execute the grid connection and write a good thesis.Last but not least we would like to thank Prof. Tor Oskar Stre from UiA who provided part ofthe funding for the projects implementation and Steve Schading from UiA who advised on theselection of proper fasteners for mounting the PV modules in order to avoid galvanic corrosion.Grimstad, June 2014.John Christer SivertsenPetter SylandiiContentsAbstract iPreface iiContents iiiList of Figures viList of Tables ixAbbreviations x1 Introduction 11.1 Motivation.................... 11.2 Project Description..................